Article
Kyungpook Mathematical Journal 2021; 61(3): 523-558
Published online September 30, 2021
Copyright © Kyungpook Mathematical Journal.
Convergence Theorem for Finding Common Fixed Points of N-generalized Bregman Nonspreading Mapping and Solutions of Equilibrium Problems in Banach Spaces
Lateef Olakunle Jolaoso, Oluwatosin Temitope Mewomo*
School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
e-mail : jollatanu@yahoo.co.uk
School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science University of Kwazulu-Natal Durban, South Africa
e-mail : mewomoo@ukzn.ac.za
Received: May 4, 2019; Revised: July 28, 2020; Accepted: August 4, 2020
Abstract
In this paper, we study some fixed point properties of n-generalized Bregman nonspreading mappings in re exive Banach space. We introduce a hybrid iterative scheme for finding a common solution for a countable family of equilibrium problems and fixed point problems in re exive Banach space. Further, we give some applications and numerical example to show the importance and demonstrate the performance of our algorithm. The results in this paper extend and generalize many related results in the literature.
Keywords: nonspreading mapping, Bregman distance, equilibrium problem, fixed point prolem, reflexive Banach space.
1. Introduction
Let
The EP(g) was shown by Blum and Oettli [7] to cover several other optimization problems such as monotone inclusion problems, saddle point problems, minimization problems, variational inequality problems and Nash equilibria in non-cooperative games. In addition, there are many other important problems, for example, the complementarity problem and fixed point problems, which can be written in the form of EP(g) (1.1). Thus, the EP(g) is a unifying model for several problems arising in physics, engineering, science, optimization, economics etc.
In the last two decades, the existence of solutions of the EP(g) have been mentioned in many papers, see for instance [7, 11, 13, 26, 36, 39, 40 ], and several iterative methods have been proposed for solving EP(g) and related optimization problems, see for instance [1, 2, 4, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 28, 29, 32, 30, 31, 38, 41, 42] and reference therein. In solving the EP(g) (1.1) it is necessary to assume that the bifunction
-
(A1)
g(x,x) =0 for allx ∈ C; -
(A2)
g is monotone, that isg(x,y)+g(y,x) ≤ 0 for allx,y ∈ C; -
(A3) For all
x,y, z∈ C -
(A4) For all
x ∈ C, g(x,⋅) is convex and lower semicontinuous.
is called a Bregman distance with respect to
From the definition, we know that the following properties are satisfied (see [6]):
(i) The three points identity, for any
(ii) Four point identity, for any
Definition 1.2. Let
(a) Bregman nonexpansive [33] if
Bregman nonspreading [23] if
(c)
for all
Next, we introduce a
Definition 1.3. Let
for all
Remark 1.4. From Definition 1.3,
(a) when
which is called 2-generalized Bregman nonspreading in the sense of [44], where
(b) When
which is the generalized Bregman nonspreading mapping in the sense of [3, 16]. Note that, the 2-generalized Bregman nonspreading mapping reduces to the generalized Bregman nonspreading mapping if
(c) The class of generalized Bregman nonspreading mapping reduces to Bregman nonspreading [23] if
(d) The class of generalized Bregman nonspreading mapping reduces to Bregman nonexpansive [35] if
We now present an example of Bregman nonspreading mapping which is not nonspreading in the usual Hilbert space setting.
Example 1.5. Let
does not hold. Taking
while
Hence,
By simple calculations, we obtain
Then
for all
We further give an example of 2-generalized Bregman nonspreading mapping which is not necessarily 1-generalized Bregman nonspreading.
Example 1.6. Let
Define
It is easy to see that
for all
Case I: Suppose
Hence
Case II: Suppose
Hence
Case III: Suppose
Hence
Choosing suitable choices of
In 2010, by making use of the Bregman projection, Reich and Sabach [33] studied some approximation methods for finding common zeros of maximal monotone operators in reflexive Banach spaces. They also studied some approximation techniques for finding common solutions of finitely many Bregman nonexpansive operators, see [35]. In the same sense, Kassay et al. [20] studied the approximation of solutions of system of variational inequalities in reflexive Banach spaces. It is worth noting that extension of many theory from Hilbert space to general Banach space suffer some difficulties because many of the useful techniques employed in Hilbert space (for instance the inner product and the nonexpansiveness of resolvent operators) are no longer valid in Banach spaces setting.
Motivated by the works given in [21, 35, 46], we prove some properties of the
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we recall some definitions and preliminary results which will be used in the sequel. We denote the strong convergence (resp. weak convergence) of a sequence
Let
and the Frénchet conjugate of
Let
If the limit in (2.1) exists as
Let
(L1)
(L2)
Since
and
The notion of Legendre function in infinite dimensional spaces was first introduced by Bauschke, Borwein and Combettes in [6]. By their definition, the conditions (L1) and (L2) also yield that
One important and interesting example of Legendre function is
Definition 2.1. Let
Remark 2.2.
1. If
2. If
It is known from [10] that z = Proj
We also have
Similar to the metric projection in Hilbert space, the Bregman projection also has a variational characterization which is given below.
Lemma 2.3. [33] (Characterization of Bregman Projection)) Let
(i)the vector ω is the Bregman projection of x onto C, with respect to
(ii) the vector ω is the unique solution of the variational inequality
(iii) the vector ω is the unique solution of the inequality
Definition 2.4. Let
(i) totally convex at
is positive for any
(ii) totally convex if it is totally convex at every point
(iii) totally convex on bounded subset B of E, if
(iv) cofinite if dom
(v) coercive if
(vi) sequentially consistent if for any two sequences
For further details and examples on totally convex functions see [8, 9, 10].
Lemma 2.5. ([9]) The function
Lemma 2.6. ([34]) Let
Lemma 2.7. ([10]) Let
(i)
(ii) If
(iii) If
Lemma 2.8. ([33]) If
Let
Then,
for all
where
Let
The function
Lemma 2.9. ([27]) Let
for all
Let
(i) if
(ii) if
(iii)
Here,
Lemma 2.10. ([12]) Let
Then,
Let
Recall that a mapping
A mapping
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Lemma 2.11. ([37]) Let
Define the resolvent mapping
then,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
It is easy to see that the resolvent operator satisfies the following inequality: for all
3. Main Results
In this section, we present the existence and some properties of fixed points of
Proposition 3.1. Let E be a real reflexive Banach space and
(i)
(ii)
such that
for all
Since
Thus, we obtain
Then
Hence
Therefore by Lemma 2.10,
The following results follow as direct consequences of Theorem 3.1.
Corollary 3.2. Let
(i)
(ii)
Corollary 3.3. Let
Remark 3.4. Corollary 3.2 is a generalization of the corresponding result in Theorem 3.2 of [45], where the equivalence between the two assertions was shown for
We now show another important property of the fixed points of
Proposition 3.5. Let
which implies that
This means that
Hence,
Next, we show that
Hence,
Using Corollary 3.3 and Proposition 3.5, we prove the following common fixed point theorem for a commutative family of
Theorem 3.6. Let
Now, let
Suppose that for some
The following result will be used in the sequel.
Proposition 3.7. Let E be a real reflexive Banach space and let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of E. Let
for all
Hence, from the three points identity (1.2), we have
Therefore
The following result is another important property which characterized the
Proposition 3.8. Let
We show that
Putting
Observe that
Similarly
and
Substituting (3.10), (3.11) and (3.12) into (3.9), we have
Taking limit as
Using the four points identity (1.3), we have
Thus
4. Convergence Analysis
In this section, we introduce a hybrid algorithm for finding common solutions of countable family of equilibrium problem and finite fixed points of n-generalized Bregman nonspreading mapping in reflexive Banach space.
Let
Using the above definition, we have the following lemma.
Proposition 4.1. Let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a real reflexive Banach space E and let
(i)
(ii)
(iii) If in addition,
This implies that
Then by the property of
It follows that
Therefore
(ii) Let
(iii) Let
Using three points identity (1.2), we obtain
Since
Therefore from (4.3), we have
Taking limit as
By the norm-to-norm uniform continuity of
We next prove that
Taking limit as
hence
Thus
Similarly, we have
Taking limit as
and hence
Following similar approach as above, we have
Therefore
This together with the Bregman relative nonexpansiveness of each
We are now in position to introduce our iterative algorithm.
Theorem 4.2. Let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a real reflexive Banach space E and
for all
(i)
(ii) There exists
(iii)
(iv)
Then, the sequence
Step 1: We show that
It is clear that
Let
Hence
Hence
Step 2: We prove that
Since
So
In view of Lemma 2.6, we conclude that the sequence
Step 3: Next, we show that
Since
Thus
Therefore the sequence
Also, since
This yields that
Therefore from (4.11) and (4.12), we get
By the uniform continuity of
and
Furthermore,
Therefore from (4.12) - (4.14), we get
Note that from (4.8), we have
Using the property of
and
By the uniform continuity of
Hence from (4.7), we get
Furthermore, since
Therefore
Since
Also from Lemma 2.11, we have for each
Hence
From the assumption (A2), we have
Taking the limit as
That is
Let
Now since
Since
Taking the limit of the above inequality, we have
Therefore
5. Application to Zeros of Maximal Monotone Operators
Sabach [37] showed that under some properties of the function
where
A monotone operator
Let
The following result was proved for the mapping
Proposition 5.1. (Sabach [37]) Let
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Based on the above result, we propose the following which can be obtain from Theorem 4.2 for finding common fixed point of finite family of n-generalized Bregman nonspreading mapping and zeros of maximal monotone operators in reflexive Banach space.
Theorem 5.2. Let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a real reflexive Banach space E and
for all
(i)
(ii) There exists
(iii)
Then, the sequence
6. Numerical Example
We give a numerical example to demonstrate the performance of our algorithm (4.7).
Choose
Observe that
where
Finally, we select the following values
Case(i):
Case(ii):
Case(iii):
Using Matlab 2016(b) and
-
Figure 1. Example 6.1, Top-Left: Case(i); Top-Right: Case(ii); Bottom: Case(iii).
7. Acknowledgements.
The authors sincerely thank the reviewer for his careful reading, constructive comments and fruitful suggestions that substantially improved the manuscript. The first author acknowledges with thanks the bursary and financial support from Department of Science and Innovation and National Research Foundation, Republic of South Africa Center of Excellence in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences (DSI-NRF COE-MaSS) Doctoral Bursary. The second author is supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa Incentive Funding for Rated Researchers (Grant Number 119903). Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived are those of the authors and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF.
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