KYUNGPOOK Math. J. 2019; 59(3): 481-491
Some Coefficient Inequalities Related to the Hankel Determinant for a Certain Class of Close-to-convex Functions
Yong Sun∗, Zhi-Gang Wang
School of Science, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan, 411104, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
e-mail : yongsun2008@foxmail.com
Mathematics and Computing Science, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
e-mail : wangmath@163.com
* Corresponding Author.
Received: November 14, 2017; Revised: February 1, 2019; Accepted: March 4, 2019; Published online: September 23, 2019.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract

In the present paper, we investigate the upper bounds on third order Hankel determinants for certain class of close-to-convex functions in the unit disk. Furthermore, we obtain estimates of the Zalcman coefficient functional for this class.

Keywords: coeﬃcient inequality, Hankel determinant, Zalcman’s conjecture, close-to-convex functions.
Introduction

Let be the class of functions analytic in the unit disk of the form $f(z)=z+∑n=2∞anzn.$We denote by the subclass of consisting of univalent functions.

A function is said to be starlike of order α (0 ≤ α < 1), if it satisfies $ℜ(zf′(z)f(z))>α (z∈D).$We denote by the class of starlike functions of order α. In particular, .

Recall that a function is close-to-convex in if it is univalent and the range is a close-to-convex domain, i.e., the complement of can be written as the union of nonintersecting half-lines. A normalized analytic function f in is close-to-convex in if there exists a function , such that the following inequality $ℜ(zf′(z)g(z))>0 (z∈D)$holds. Denote by the class of close-to-convex functions. We refer to [8, 16, 17, 28] for discussion and basic results on close-to-convex functions.

In [11], Gao and Zhou investigated the following class of close-to-convex functions.

### Definition 1.1

Suppose that is analytic in of the form (1.1). We say that , if there exists a function , such that $ℜ(z2f′(z)g(z)g(−z))<0 (z∈D).$Let $g(z)=z+∑n=2∞bnzn∈S*(1/2) (z∈D)$and $G(z)=−g(z)g(−z)z=z+∑n=2∞B2n−1z2n−1 (z∈D).$Then G(−z) = G(z), so G(z) is an odd starlike function. It is well-known that $|B2n−1|≤1 (n=2, 3, ⋯).$Substituting the series expressions of g(z), G(z) in (1.4) and (1.5), and using (1.6), then the following result holds.

### Theorem A. ([11])

Let. Then for n ≥ 2, $|B2n−1|=|2b2n−1−2b2b2n−2+⋯+(−1)n2bn−1bn+1+(−1)n+1bn2|≤1.$The estimates are sharp, with the extremal function given by g(z) = z/(1− z).

### Theorem B. ([11])

Letbe of the form(1.1). Then$|an|≤1 (n=2, 3, ⋯).$The estimates are sharp, with the extremal function given by f(z) = z/(1 − z).

Noonan and Thomas [24] studied the Hankel determinant Hq,n(f) defined as $Hq,n(f)=|anan+1⋯an+q−1an+1an+2⋯an+q⋮⋮⋮⋮an+q−1an+q⋯an+2(q−1)| (q, n∈ℕ).$Problems involving Hankel determinants Hq,n(f) in geometric function theory originate from the work of such authors as Hadamard, Polya and Edrei (see [7, 9]), who used them in study of singularities of meromorphic functions. For example, Hankel determinants can be used in showing that a function of bounded characteristic in , i.e., a function which is a ratio of two bounded analytic functions with its Laurent series around the origin having integral coefficients, is rational [5]. Pommerenke [25] proved that the Hankel determinants of univalent functions satisfy the inequality $|Hq,n(f)|, where β > 1/4000 and K depends only on q. Furthermore, Hayman [12] proved a stronger result for areally mean univalent functions, i.e., he showed that H2,n(f) < An1/2, where A is an absolute constant.

We note that H2,1(f) is the well-known Fekete-Szegő functional, see [10, 16, 17]. The sharp upper bounds on H2,2(f) were obtained in the articles [2, 14, 15, 18] for various classes of functions.

By the definition, H3,1(f) is given by $H3, 1(f)=|a1a2a3a2a3a4a3a4a5|.$Note that for , a1 = 1 so that $H3, 1(f)=a3(a2a4−a32)+a4(a2a3−a4)+a5(a3−a22),$by the triangle inequality, we have $|H3, 1(f)|≤|a3‖a2a4−a32|+|a4‖a2a3−a4|+|a5||a3−a22|.$Obviously, the case of the upper bound of H3,1(f) is much more difficult than the cases of H2,1(f) and H2,2(f). Recently, Prajapat et al.[26] studied the upper bounds on the Hankel determinants for the class of close-to-convex functions.

### Theorem C

Letbe of the form(1.1). Then$|a2a3−a4|≤3, |a2a4−a32|≤8536 and |H3, 1(f)|≤28912.$For further information about the upper bounds of the third Hankel determinants for some classes of univalent functions, see e.g. [1, 3, 6, 27, 29].

In 1960, Lawrence Zalcman posed a conjecture that the coefficients of satisfy the sharp inequality $|an2−a2n−1|≤(n−1)2 (n∈ℕ),$with equality only for the Koebe function k(z) = z/(1− z)2 and its rotations. We call $Jn(f)=an2−a2n−1$ the Zalcman functional for . Clearly, for , we have |J2(f)| = |H2,1(f)|. The Zalcman conjecture was proved for certain special subclasses of in [4, 19, 22, 23].

In the present investigation, our purpose is to develop similar results on the Hankel determinants in the context the close-to-convex functions . Further-more, the upper bounds to the Zalcman functional for this class are obtained.

Preliminary Results

Denote by the class of Carathéodory functions p normalized by $p(z)=1+∑n=1∞cnzn and ℜ(p(z))>0 (z∈D).$The following results are well known for functions belonging to the class .

### Lemma 2.1. ([8])

Ifis of the form(2.1), then$|cn|≤2 (n∈ℕ).$The inequality(2.2)is sharp and the equality holds for the function$φ(z)=1+z1−z=1+2∑n=1∞zn.$

### Lemma 2.2.([13])

Ifis of the form(2.1), then the sharp estimate(2.3)is vaild$|cn−μckcn−k|≤2 (n, k∈ℕ, n>k; 0≤μ≤1).$

### Lemma 2.3.([20, 21])

Ifis of the form(2.1), then there exist x, z such that |x| ≤ 1 and |z| ≤ 1, $2c2=c12+(4−c12)x,$and$4c3=c13+2c1(4−c12)x−c1(4−c12)x2+2(4−c12)(1−|x|2)z.$

The Upper Bounds of the Hankel Determinant

In this section, we first give an upper bound of the functional |a2a3 a4| for functions .

### Theorem 3.1

Letbe of the form(1.1). Then

$|a2a3−a4|≤12.$

Proof

Let g be given by (1.4), and $p(z)=z2f′(z)−g(z)g(−z)=1+c1z+c2z2+⋯ (z∈D).$Then, we have ℜ(p(z)) > 0, and $z2f′(z)=−g(z)g(−z)p(z).$Substituting the expansions of f(z), g(z) and p(z) in (3.2), and equating the coefficients, we obtain ${a2=12c1,a3=13(c2+2b3−b22),a4=14[c3+(2b3−b22)c1].$Hence, by using the above values of a2, a3 and a4 from (3.3), and the relations of (2.4) and (2.5) we obtain, for some x and z such that |x| ≤ 1 and |z| ≤ 1, $|a2a3−a4|=112|−(2b3−b22)c1+2c1c2−3c3|=148|c13−4(2b3−b22)c1+(4−c12)[−2c1x+3c1x2−6(1−|x|2)z]|.$By Lemma 2.1, we have |c1| ≤ 2. By setting c := c1, we may assume without loss of generality that c ∈ [0, 2]. Thus, by applying the triangle inequality in (3.4) with μ = |x|, we obtain $|a2a3−a4|≤148{c3+4c+(4−c2)[3(c−2)μ2+2cμ+6]}=: F(c, μ).$Let $ϕ(μ)=3(c−2)μ2+2cμ+6 (c∈[0, 2]; μ∈[0, 1]).$In particular, for the case of c = 2, we have $ϕ(μ)=4μ+6≤ϕ(1)=10.$For the case of 0 ≤ c < 2, then φ(μ) is a quadratic function of μ ∈ [0, 1], and we can get $ϕ(μ)=3(c−2)(μ−c3(2−c))2+c2−18c+363(2−c).$If $μ0=c3(2−c)≤1$, that is, $0≤c≤32$, we obtain $ϕ(μ)≤ϕ(μ0)+c2−18c+363(2−c).$If $μ0=c3(2−c)≥1$, that is, $32≤c<2$, we get $ϕ(μ)≤ϕ(1)=5c.$Thus, we have $F(c, μ)≤G(c)={G1(c)=136(c3−4c2+3c+18)(0≤c≤3/2),G2(c)=112(−c3+6c)(3/2≤c≤2).$For G1(c), we have $G′1(c)=136(3c2−8c+3) and G″1(c)=118(3c−4).$Let $C0=4−73∈[0, 32],$then, we obtain $G′1(C0)=0 and G″1(C0)<0.$For G2(c), we have $G′2(c)=14(2−c2)<0, (32≤c≤2).$Obviously, G2(c) is an decreasing function of c on [3/2, 2] and, hence, $G2(c)≤G2(32)=1532.$Since G(c) is a continuous function of c on the closed interval [0, 2], it follows that $|a2a3−a4|≤G(c)≤max{G1(0), G1(C0), G2(32)}=12.$Now, we are ready to give an upper bound of $|a2a4−a32|$ for functions .

### Theorem 3.2

Letbe of the form(1.1). Then$|a2a4−a32|≤1.$

Proof

Using the values of a2, a3 and a4 from (3.3), and using (2.4) and (2.5) for some x and z such that |x| ≤ 1 and |z| ≤ 1, we get $a2a4−a32=1288{c14+(4−c12)[2c12x−(32+c12)x2+18(1−|x|2)c1z]}−29(2b3−b22)(c2−916c12)−19(2b3−b22)2.$By Lemma 2.1, we may assume that |c1| = c ∈ [0, 2]. By applying Theorem A, Lemma 2.1, Lemma 2.2 and the triangle inequality in above relation with µ = |x|, we obtain $|a2a4−a32|≤1288{c4+(4−c2)[(c2−18c+32)μ2+2c2μ+18c]}+59.$Let $ψ(μ)=(c2−18c+32)μ2+2c2μ+18c, S(c, μ)=1288[c4+(4−c2)ψ(μ)].$Therefore, $ψ′(μ)=2(c−2)(c−16)μ+2c2≥0,$which implies that ψ(µ) is an increasing function of µ on [0, 1]. Hence, we have $ψ(μ)≤ψ(1)=3c2+32,$which yields that $S(c, μ)≤S(c, 1)=1144(−c4−10c2+64)≤49, (0≤c≤2).$Thus, we obtain the bound of $|a2a4−a32|$.

Let . Then using the above results in theorem B, Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 3.2, together with the known inequality $|a22−a3|≤1$ (see [16]), we obtain the upper bound of the third Hankel determinant for close-to-convex functions .

### Theorem 3.3

Let be of the form(1.1). Then$|H3, 1(f)|≤52.$

### Remark 3.1

In Theorem 3.1, Theorem3.2 and Theorem 3.3, we have obtained the upper bounds for the Hankel determinant. However, these results are far from sharp.

The Upper Bounds of the Zalcman Functional

In this section, we consider the Zalcman functional for functions .

### Theorem 4.1

Letbe of the form(1.1). Then$|a22−a3|≤1, |a32−a5|≤3445,$and$|an2−a2n−1|≤{2−4(n−1)n2(n=2k≥4),2−4n(n=2k+1≥5).$

Proof

Let g(z), G(z) and p(z) be given by (1.4), (1.5) and (3.1), respectively. Then, we have $z f′(z)=p(z)G(z) (z∈D).$Comparing the coefficients of two sides of this equation, we obtain $an={12k(c2k−1B1+c2k−3B3+⋯+c1B2k−1) (n=2k),12k+1(c2kB1+c2k−2B3+⋯+c0B2k+1) (n=2k+1),$where k ∈ ℕ and B1 = c0 = 1.

For the case of n = 2k, we have $|an2−a2n−1|=|a4k−1−a2k2| =|14k−1(c4k−2B1+c4k−4B3+⋯+c2kB2k−1+c2k−2B2k+1+⋯+c0B4k−1) −14k2(c2k−1B1+c2k−3B3+⋯+c1B2k−1)2| =|14k−1(c4k−2−4k−14k2c2k−12)+B34k−1(c4k−4−4k−12k2c2k−1c2k−3) +⋯+B2k−14k−1(c2k−4k−12k2c2k−1c1) +14k−1(c2k−2B2k+1+⋯+c2B4k−3+c0B4k−1) −14k2(c2k−3B3+⋯+c1B2k−1)2|.$If k = 1, using Theorem B and Lemma 2.2, we have $|a22−a3|=|13(c2−34c12)+13B3|≤13|c2−34c12|+13|B3|≤1.$If k ≥ 2 we note that $4k−14k2≤1 and 4k−12k2≤1 (k≥2),$by Theorem B, Lemma 2.1, Lemma 2.2 and the triangle inequality, we obtain $|an2−a2n−1|≤2k4k−1+2(k−1)+14k−1+[2(k−1)]24k2=2−4(n−1)n2.$For the case of n = 2k + 1, we have $|an2−a2n−1|=|a4k+1−a2k+12| =|14k+1(c4kB1+c4k−2B3+⋯+c2k+2B2k−1 +c2kB2k+1+c2k−2B2k+3+⋯+c0B4k+1) −1(2k+1)2(c2kB1+c2k−2B3+⋯+c2B2k−1+c0B2k+1)2| =|14k+1(c4k−4k+1(2k+1)2c2k2)+B34k+1(c4k−2−2(4k+1)(2k+1)2c2kc2k−2) +⋯+B2k−14k+1(c2k+2−2(4k+1)(2k+1)2c2kc2) +(14k+1−2(2k+1)2)c2kB2k+1 +14k+1(c2k−2B2k+3+⋯+c2B4k−1+c0B4k+1) −1(2k+1)2(c2k−2B3+⋯+c2B2k−1+c0B2k+1)2|.$If k = 1, using Theorem B, Lemma 2.1 and Lemma 2.2, we have $|a32−a5|≤15|c4−59c22|+|15−29||c2B3|+15|B5|+19|B32|≤3445.$If k ≥ 2 we note that $14k+1−2(2k+1)2≥0, 4k+1(2k+1)2≤1 and 2(4k+1)(2k+1)2≤1 (k≥2),$by Theorem B, Lemma 2.1, Lemma 2.2 and the triangle inequality, we obtain $|an2−a2n−1|≤2k4k+1+(24k+1−4(2k+1)2)+2k−14k+1+(2k−1)2(2k+1)2=2−4n.$This completes the proof.

References
1. KO. Babalola. On H3(1) Hankel determinant for some classes of univalent functions. Inequal. Theory Appl.., 6(2007), 1-7.
2. D. Bansal. Upper bound of second Hankel determinant for a new class of analytic functions. Appl. Math. Lett., 26(2013), 103-107.
3. D. Bansal, S. Maharana, and JK. Prajapat. Third order Hankel determinant for certain univalent functions. J. Korean Math. Soc.., 52(2015), 1139-1148.
4. JE. Brown, and A. Tsao. On the Zalcman conjecture for starlike and typically real functions. Math. Z.., 191(1986), 467-474.
5. DG. Cantor. Power series with integral coefficients. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.., 69(1963), 362-366.
6. NE. Cho, B. Kowalczyk, OS. Kwon, A. Lecko, and YJ. Sim. Some coefficient inequalities related to the Hankel determinant for strongly starlike functions of order alpha. J. Math. Inequal.., 11(2017), 429-439.
7. P. Dienes. The Taylor series: an introduction to the theory of functions of a complex variable, , Dover Publications, New York, 1957.
8. PL. Duren. Univalent functions, , Springer Verlag, New York, 1983.
9. A. Edrei. Sur les déterminants récurrents et les singularités d’une fonction donnée par son développement de Taylor. Compos. Math.., 7(1940), 20-88.
10. M. Fekete, and G. Szegő. Eine Bemerkung über ungerade schlichte Funktionen. J. London Math. Soc.., 8(1933), 85-89.
11. C. Gao, and S. Zhou. On a class of analytic functions related to the starlike functions. Kyungpook Math. J.., 45(2005), 123-130.
12. WK. Hayman. On the second Hankel determinant of mean univalent functions. Proc London Math Soc., 18(1968), 77-94.
13. T. Hayami, and S. Owa. Generalized Hankel determinant for certain classes. Int. J. Math. Anal.., 4(2010), 2573-2585.
14. A. Janteng, SA. Halim, and M. Darus. Coefficient inequality for a function whose derivative has a positive real part. J. Inequal. Pure Appl. Math.., 7(2006) Article 50, 5.
15. A. Janteng, SA. Halim, and M. Darus. Hankel determinant for starlike and convex functions. Int. J. Math. Anal.., 1(2007), 619-625.
16. W. Koepf. On the Fekete-Szegö problem for close-to-convex functions. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.., 101(1987), 89-95.
17. W. Koepf. On the Fekete-Szegö problem for close-to-convex functions II. Arch. Math.., 49(1987), 420-433.
18. SK. Lee, V. Ravichandran, and S. Subramaniam. Bounds for the second Hankel determinant of certain univalent functions. J. Inequal. Appl.., 2013(2013) Article 281, 17.
19. L. Li, and S. Ponnusamy. Generalized Zalcman conjecture for convex functions of order − 1/2. J. Anal.., 22(2014), 77-87.
20. RJ. Libera, and EJ. Złotkiewicz. Early coefficients of the inverse of a regular convex function. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.., 85(1982), 225-230.
21. RJ. Libera, and EJ. Złotkiewicz. Coefficient bounds for the inverse of a function with derivatives in P. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.., 87(1983), 251-257.
22. WC. Ma. The Zalcman conjecture for close-to-convex functions. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.., 104(1988), 741-744.
23. W. Ma. Generalized Zalcman conjecture for starlike and typically real functions. J Math Anal Appl., 234(1999), 328-339.
24. JW. Noonan, and DK. Thomas. On the second Hankel determinant of areally mean p-valent functions. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.., 223(1976), 337-346.
25. C. Pommerenke. On the coefficients and Hankel determinants of univalent functions. J. London Math. Soc.., 41(1966), 111-122.
26. JK. Prajapat, D. Bansal, A. Singh, and AK. Mishra. Bounds on third Hankel determinant for close-to-convex functions. Acta Univ. Sapientiae Math.., 7(2015), 210-219.
27. M. Raza, and SN. Malik. Upper bound of the third Hankel determinant for a class of analytic functions related with Lemniscate of Bernoulli. J. Inequal. Appl.., 2013(2013) Article 412, 8.
28. TJ. Suffridge. Some special classes of conformal mappings. Handbook of complex analysis: Geometric Function Theory, 2, Elsevier Sci. B. V., Amsterdam, 2005:309-338.
29. P. Zaprawa. Third Hankel determinants for subclasses of univalent functions. Mediterr. J. Math.., 14(1)(2017) Art 19, 10.